Math formulas: Trigonometry identities

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Right-Triangle Definitions

$$ \sin \alpha = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\text{Hypotenuse}} $$

$$ \cos \alpha = \frac{\text{Adjacent}}{\text{Hypotenuse}} $$

$$ \tan \alpha = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\text{Adjacent}} $$

$$ \csc \alpha = \frac{1}{\sin\alpha} = \frac{\text{Hypotenuse}}{\text{Opposite}} $$

$$ \sec \alpha = \frac{1}{\cos\alpha} = \frac{\text{Hypotenuse}}{\text{Adjacent}} $$

$$ \cot \alpha = \frac{1}{\tan\alpha} = \frac{\text{Adjacent}}{\text{Opposite}} $$

Reduction Formulas

$$ \sin(-x) = -\sin(x) $$

$$ \cos(-x) = \cos(x) $$

$$ \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - x\right) = \cos(x) $$

$$ \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - x\right) = \sin(x) $$

$$ \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2} + x\right) = \cos(x) $$

$$ \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2} + x\right) = -\sin(x) $$

$$ \sin(\pi - x) = \sin(x) $$

$$ \cos(\pi - x) = -\cos(x) $$

$$ \sin(\pi + x) = -\sin(x) $$

$$ \cos(\pi + x) = -\cos(x) $$

Basic Identities

$$ \sin^2x + \cos^2x = 1 $$

$$ \tan^2x + 1 = \frac{1}{\cos^2x} $$

$$ \cot^2x + 1 = \frac{1}{\sin^2x} $$

Sum and Difference Formulas

$$ \sin(\alpha + \beta) = \sin\alpha \cdot \cos \beta + \sin\beta \cdot \cos\alpha $$

$$ \sin(\alpha - \beta) = \sin\alpha \cdot \cos \beta - \sin \beta \cdot \cos\alpha $$

$$ \cos(\alpha + \beta) = \cos\alpha \cdot \cos \beta - \sin\alpha \cdot \cos\beta $$

$$ \cos(\alpha - \beta) = \cos\alpha \cdot \cos \beta + \sin\alpha \cdot \cos\beta $$

$$ \tan(\alpha + \beta) = \frac{ \tan\alpha + \tan\beta}{1 - \tan\alpha \cdot \tan\beta } $$

$$ \tan(\alpha - \beta) = \frac{ \tan\alpha - \tan\beta}{1 + \tan\alpha \cdot \tan\beta } $$

Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas

$$ \sin(2\,\alpha) = 2 \cdot \sin\alpha \cdot \cos\alpha $$

$$ \cos(2\,\alpha) = \cos^2\alpha - \sin^2\alpha $$

$$ \tan(2\,\alpha) = \frac{2\,\tan\alpha}{1 - \tan^2\alpha} $$

$$ \sin \frac{\alpha}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos\alpha}{2}} $$

$$ \cos \frac{\alpha}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1+\cos\alpha}{2}} $$

$$\tan \frac{\alpha}{2} = \frac{1 - \cos\alpha}{\sin\alpha} = \frac{\sin\alpha}{1 - \cos\alpha} $$

$$\tan \frac{\alpha}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos\alpha}{1 - \cos\alpha} } $$

Other Useful Trig Formulas

Law of sines

$$ \frac{\sin\alpha}{\alpha} = \frac{\sin\beta}{\beta} = \frac{\sin\gamma}{\gamma} $$

Law of cosines

$$ \begin{aligned} a^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2\cdot b\cdot c\cdot \cos\alpha \\ b^2 = a^2 + c^2 - 2\cdot a\cdot c\cdot \cos\beta \\ c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2\cdot a\cdot b\cdot \cos\gamma \end{aligned} $$

Area of triangle

$$ A = \frac{1}{2} a\,b\, \sin\gamma $$