Sketch the graph of the polynomial function $$ p(x) = x^3-x^2-4x+4 $$

Tap the blue points to see coordinates.

STEP 1:Find the x-intercepts

To find the x-intercepts solve, the equation $ \color{blue}{ x^3-x^2-4x+4 = 0 } $

The solutions of this equation are:

$$ \begin{matrix}x_1 = 1 & x_2 = 2 & x_3 = -2 \end{matrix} $$

(you can use the step-by-step polynomial equation solver to see a detailed explanation of how to solve the equation)

STEP 2:Find the y-intercepts

To find the y-intercepts, substitute $ x = 0 $ into $ \color{blue}{ p(x) = x^3-x^2-4x+4 } $, so:

$$ \text{Y inercept} = p(0) = 4 $$

STEP 3:Find the end behavior

The end behavior of a polynomial is the same as the end behavior of a leading term.

$$ \lim_{x \to -\infty} \left( x^3-x^2-4x+4 \right) = \lim_{x \to -\infty} x^3 = \color{blue}{ -\infty } $$

The graph starts in the lower-left corner.

$$ \lim_{x \to \infty} \left( x^3-x^2-4x+4 \right) = \lim_{x \to \infty} x^3 = \color{blue}{ \infty } $$

The graph ends in the upper-right corner.

STEP 4:Find the turning points

To determine the turning points, we need to find the first derivative of $ p(x) $:

$$ p^{\prime} (x) = 3x^2-2x-4 $$

The x coordinate of the turning points are located at the zeros of the first derivative

$$ p^{\prime} (x) = 0 $$ $$ \begin{matrix}x_1 = 1.5352 & x_2 = -0.8685 \end{matrix} $$

(cleck here to see a explanation of how to solve the equation)

To find the y coordinates, substitute the above values into $ p(x) $

$$ \begin{aligned} \text{for } ~ x & = \color{blue}{ 1.5352 } \Rightarrow p\left(1.5352\right) = \color{orangered}{ -0.8794 }\\[1 em] \text{for } ~ x & = \color{blue}{ -0.8685 } \Rightarrow p\left(-0.8685\right) = \color{orangered}{ 6.0646 }\end{aligned} $$

So the turning points are:

$$ \begin{matrix} \left( 1.5352, -0.8794 \right) & \left( -0.8685, 6.0646 \right)\end{matrix} $$

STEP 5:Find the inflection points

The inflection points are located at zeroes of second derivative. The second derivative is $ p^{\prime \prime} (x) = 6x-2 $.

The zero of second derivative is

$$ \begin{matrix}x = \dfrac{ 1 }{ 3 } \end{matrix} $$

Substitute the x value into $ p(x) $ to get y coordinates

$$ \begin{aligned} \text{for } ~ x & = \color{blue}{ \frac{ 1 }{ 3 } } \Rightarrow p\left(\frac{ 1 }{ 3 }\right) = \color{orangered}{ \frac{ 70 }{ 27 } }\end{aligned} $$

So the inflection point is:

$$ \begin{matrix} \left( \dfrac{ 1 }{ 3 }, \dfrac{ 70 }{ 27 } \right)\end{matrix} $$

Graphing Polynomials