To factor $ x^{3}+2x^{2}+x+2 $ we can use factoring by grouping:
Group $ \color{blue}{ x^{3} }$ with $ \color{blue}{ 2x^{2} }$ and $ \color{red}{ x }$ with $ \color{red}{ 2 }$ then factor each group.
$$ \begin{aligned} x^{3}+2x^{2}+x+2 = ( \color{blue}{ x^{3}+2x^{2} } ) + ( \color{red}{ x+2 }) &= \\ &= \color{blue}{ x^{2}( x+2 )} + \color{red}{ 1( x+2 ) } = \\ &= (x^{2}+1)(x+2) \end{aligned} $$