To factor $ x^{3}-5x^{2}+16x-80 $ we can use factoring by grouping:
Group $ \color{blue}{ x^{3} }$ with $ \color{blue}{ -5x^{2} }$ and $ \color{red}{ 16x }$ with $ \color{red}{ -80 }$ then factor each group.
$$ \begin{aligned} x^{3}-5x^{2}+16x-80 = ( \color{blue}{ x^{3}-5x^{2} } ) + ( \color{red}{ 16x-80 }) &= \\ &= \color{blue}{ x^{2}( x-5 )} + \color{red}{ 16( x-5 ) } = \\ &= (x^{2}+16)(x-5) \end{aligned} $$