To factor $ x^{3}-4x^{2}+x-4 $ we can use factoring by grouping:
Group $ \color{blue}{ x^{3} }$ with $ \color{blue}{ -4x^{2} }$ and $ \color{red}{ x }$ with $ \color{red}{ -4 }$ then factor each group.
$$ \begin{aligned} x^{3}-4x^{2}+x-4 = ( \color{blue}{ x^{3}-4x^{2} } ) + ( \color{red}{ x-4 }) &= \\ &= \color{blue}{ x^{2}( x-4 )} + \color{red}{ 1( x-4 ) } = \\ &= (x^{2}+1)(x-4) \end{aligned} $$