Step 1 :
After factoring out $ x $ we have:
$$ x^{3}-16x = x ( x^{2}-16 ) $$Step 2 :
Rewrite $ x^{2}-16 $ as:
$$ x^{2}-16 = (x)^2 - (4)^2 $$Now we can apply the difference of squares formula.
$$ I^2 - II^2 = (I - II)(I + II) $$After putting $ I = x $ and $ II = 4 $ , we have:
$$ x^{2}-16 = (x)^2 - (4)^2 = ( x-4 ) ( x+4 ) $$