Rewrite $ a^2b^4-81 $ as:
$$ \color{blue}{ a^2b^4-81 = (ab^2)^2 - (9)^2 } $$Now we can apply the difference of squares formula.
$$ I^2 - II^2 = (I - II)(I + II) $$After putting $ I = ab^2 $ and $ II = 9 $ , we have:
$$ a^2b^4-81 = (ab^2)^2 - (9)^2 = ( ab^2-9 ) ( ab^2+9 ) $$