Step 1 :
Factor out common factor $ \color{blue}{ 4ar } $:
$$ 4ar^3-4a^3r = 4ar ( r^2-a^2 ) $$Step 2 :
Rewrite $ r^2-a^2 $ as:
$$ \color{blue}{ r^2-a^2 = (r)^2 - (a)^2 } $$Now we can apply the difference of squares formula.
$$ I^2 - II^2 = (I - II)(I + II) $$After putting $ I = r $ and $ II = a $ , we have:
$$ r^2-a^2 = (r)^2 - (a)^2 = ( r-a ) ( r+a ) $$