Step 1 :
Factor out common factor $ \color{blue}{ 3 } $:
$$ 3x^2-3a^2 = 3 ( x^2-a^2 ) $$Step 2 :
Rewrite $ x^2-a^2 $ as:
$$ \color{blue}{ x^2-a^2 = (x)^2 - (a)^2 } $$Now we can apply the difference of squares formula.
$$ I^2 - II^2 = (I - II)(I + II) $$After putting $ I = x $ and $ II = a $ , we have:
$$ x^2-a^2 = (x)^2 - (a)^2 = ( x-a ) ( x+a ) $$