Rewrite $ 16w^2-v^2 $ as:
$$ \color{blue}{ 16w^2-v^2 = (4w)^2 - (v)^2 } $$Now we can apply the difference of squares formula.
$$ I^2 - II^2 = (I - II)(I + II) $$After putting $ I = 4w $ and $ II = v $ , we have:
$$ 16w^2-v^2 = (4w)^2 - (v)^2 = ( 4w-v ) ( 4w+v ) $$