To factor $ 10r^{3}-5r^{2}+2r-1 $ we can use factoring by grouping:
Group $ \color{blue}{ 10x^{3} }$ with $ \color{blue}{ -5x^{2} }$ and $ \color{red}{ 2x }$ with $ \color{red}{ -1 }$ then factor each group.
$$ \begin{aligned} 10r^{3}-5r^{2}+2r-1 = ( \color{blue}{ 10x^{3}-5x^{2} } ) + ( \color{red}{ 2x-1 }) &= \\ &= \color{blue}{ 5x^{2}( 2x-1 )} + \color{red}{ 1( 2x-1 ) } = \\ &= (5x^{2}+1)(2x-1) \end{aligned} $$